Reinvention: an International Journal of Undergraduate Research
https://reinventionjournal.org/index.php/reinvention
<p id="journal-tagline" class="lead"><strong>New Issue Out Now!</strong><br />Reinvention is an online, peer-reviewed journal, dedicated to the publication of high-quality undergraduate student research. The journal welcomes academic articles from all disciplinary areas and all universities.</p>Institute for Advanced Teaching and Learning, University of Warwicken-USReinvention: an International Journal of Undergraduate Research1755-7429<p class="p-Cl1" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Lato,&quot; helvetica neue&quot;,helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 16px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" align="left">Authors are responsible for obtaining permission from copyright holders for reproducing through any medium of communication those illustrations, tables, figures or lengthy quotations previously published elsewhere. Authors are also responsible for adding these permissions to the acknowledgement footnote that precedes all other notes or crediting the source and copyright of photographs or figures in the accompanying captions.</p> <p style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Lato,&quot; helvetica neue&quot;,helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 16px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">The journal's policy is to ask authors to grant us the licence to publish their work, which gives us the exclusive right both to reproduce and/or distribute their article (including the abstract) in printed, electronic or any other medium, and in turn to authorise others (including Reproduction Rights Organisations such as the Copyright Licensing Agency and the Copyright Clearance Center) to do the same. In return the author(s) assert their Moral Right to be identified as the author, and we promise that we will respect their rights as the author(s). That is, we will make sure that their name(s) is/are always clearly associated with the article and, while they do allow us to make necessary editorial changes, we will not make any substantial alteration to their article without consulting them.</p> <p style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Lato,&quot; helvetica neue&quot;,helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 16px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Copyright remains with the author(s), however, the author(s) authorise us to act on their behalf to defend their copyright if anyone should infringe it, and to retain half of any damages awarded, after deducting our costs. The author(s) also retain the right to use their own article (provided they acknowledge the published original in standard bibliographic citation form) in the following ways, as long as they do not sell it or give it away in ways which would conflict directly with our interests. The author(s) is/are free to use their article for the internal educational or other purposes of their own institution or company; mounted on their own or their institution’s website; posted to free public servers of preprints and/or articles in their subject area; or in whole or in part, as the basis for their own further publications or spoken presentations.</p> <p style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Lato,&quot; helvetica neue&quot;,helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 16px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">If you have any queries about copyright please contact the Journal Coordinator, Fiona O'Brien, at <a style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #30818a; text-decoration: none;" href="mailto:F.O-Brien@warwick.ac.uk">F.O-Brien@warwick.ac.uk</a></p>Radical Landscapes at the Mead Gallery addresses the topic on everyone’s lips
https://reinventionjournal.org/index.php/reinvention/article/view/1345
<p>Review of <em>Radical Landscapes</em> at the Mead Gallery, Warwick Arts Centre in Coventry.</p>Catherine Laister-Smith
Copyright (c) 2023 Catherine Laister-Smith
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2023-04-292023-04-2916110.31273/reinvention.v16i1.1345Beyond the Nuclear Ideal: A Qualitative Analysis of Forum Posts by Single Mothers by Choice
https://reinventionjournal.org/index.php/reinvention/article/view/950
<p>In 2018, 3.2 per cent of all fertility treatments were undertaken by single patients. Despite this prevalence, there is limited research that explores the experiences of single mothers by choice through sperm donation. Previous studies have highlighted the value of online forums, in terms of accessible support and information sharing with others who have similar experiences. This paper aims to offer an insight into women’s experiences and concerns, and the advice they offer and receive when pursuing this pathway to motherhood. A thematic analysis of an online fertility forum of 39 forum posts by 28 different forum contributors was undertaken. Three themes were identified: ‘Making the choice’, ‘the challenges of becoming a single mother by choice’ and ‘support provided by the forum’. Women seeking solo motherhood through sperm donation appeared to carefully consider this decision, and plan for the potential future challenges. Furthermore, the use of online forums provided a sense of belonging and validation that created a safe space to share experiences. This enabled women to receive support that was presented as a crucial element in their journey to motherhood.</p>Martha Dean-Tozer
Copyright (c) 2023 Martha Dean-Tozer
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2023-04-292023-04-2916110.31273/reinvention.v16i1.950You Had Better Check the Facts: Reader Agency in the Identification of Machine-Generated Medical Fake News
https://reinventionjournal.org/index.php/reinvention/article/view/964
<p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, much fake news emerged in the medical field (Naeem <em>et al.,</em> 2020: 1). Nowadays, computers can generate text considered to be more trustworthy than text written by a person (Zellers<em> et al., </em>2019). This means that laypeople are able to produce disinformation; however, they may not understand the implications. This study revealed the most reliable clues as guidance to spot machine writing. While natural-language processing (NLP) research focuses on L1 speakers, studies in second language acquisition demonstrate that L1 and L2 speakers attend to different aspects of English (Scarcella, 1984; Tsang, 2017). In this study, social media users completed a Turing-test style quiz, guessed whether news excerpts were machine generated or human written (Saygin <em>et al., </em>2000) and identified errors that guided their decision. Quantitative analysis revealed that although both L1 and L2 speakers were equally able to defend themselves against machine-generated fake news, L2 participants were more sceptical, labelling more human-written texts as being machine generated. This is possibly due to concern about the stigma associated with being fooled by a machine due to lower language levels. However, factual errors and internal contradictions were the most reliable indicators of machine writing for both groups. This emphasises the importance of fact-checking when news articles prioritise exaggerated headlines, and NLP tools enable production of popular content in areas like medicine.</p>Barbora Dankova
Copyright (c) 2023 Barbora Dankova
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2023-04-292023-04-2916110.31273/reinvention.v16i1.964The Conflict Between Public Health And Civil Liberties: The Initial UK Government Policy Response to the Covid-19 Pandemic
https://reinventionjournal.org/index.php/reinvention/article/view/978
<p>This paper aims to illustrate the tension between public health and civil liberties through the case study of the UK government’s emergency response to the Covid-19 pandemic. In the area of public health, this tension is predominantly approached by reference to two theories: liberalism and communitarianism. This paper studies these positions and how they are manifested in evidence-based policymaking by combining a study of public health policy with a study of public health ethics. The studies help demonstrate the UK government’s framing of health policy relating to Covid-19 in terms of liberalism and communitarianism. The paper concludes that in the initial UK government response to Covid-19, the government discourse evoked communitarian values and framed its policies as being evidence-led and as prioritising public health. However, the policy measures themselves manifested liberal values: they had the underlying concern of not infringing excessively on civil liberties, and individuals were given autonomy of decision making within the measures that were taken. The article concluded that emergency times require a communitarian response based on preventative action. This article is the first to combine public health policy with public health ethics to demonstrate how values form a key part of decision making.</p>Minaa Mujib
Copyright (c) 2023 Minaa Mujib
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2023-04-292023-04-2916110.31273/reinvention.v16i1.978How is Sociological Knowledge Possible? Influences of Kantian Epistemology in Max Weber’s ‘Verstehende Soziologie’ and the Problem of Objectivity
https://reinventionjournal.org/index.php/reinvention/article/view/1187
<p>Kant’s ‘Copernican Revolution’ has caused a radical change in the common-sense theory of knowledge. The subject became the centre and the necessary premise for the validity of the objective world. This change in the understanding of knowledge has best manifested itself in Weber’s ‘Verstehende Soziologie’. Therefore, in order to understand the Weberian sociological method and to be able to detect the possible problems that may arise from his sociology, a better grasp of what Kantian epistemology is and in what ways it has influenced Weberian sociology is needed. Accordingly, this paper will firstly analyse Kantian epistemology with a special emphasis on transcendental idealism, and will expand and explain in detail Weber’s ‘Verstehende Soziologie’. Next, the paper will show how Weberian sociology relates to Kantian epistemology through the construction of ideal types. Before concluding, the focus moves to the objectivity claim of both Kantian epistemology and Weberian sociology and shows how objectivity arises from subjectivity through the establishment of causality. Finally, the paper will propose an objection to the objectivity claim of Weberian sociology and will argue that Kantian epistemology, when adopted as a method of sociology, becomes reflexive and threatens to deprive sociology of its objectivity claim.</p>Ümit Ege Atakan
Copyright (c) 2023 Ümit Ege Atakan
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2023-04-292023-04-2916110.31273/reinvention.v16i1.1187The Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on the Mental Health Statuses of Students Across Various Ethnic Identities
https://reinventionjournal.org/index.php/reinvention/article/view/1190
<p>Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are linked to an increased risk of health challenges. This study looked at a diverse sample of students at Ohlone College, a community college in the California Bay Area, to 1) analyse the ethnic groups with the highest ACEs scores and 2) examine the relationship between ACEs and indicators of mental health, including depression, substance-use disorders and self-worth. Using a unique approach to study ethnic identity by incorporating more distinguished ethnic groups, rather than broad categories, our survey found that the two ethnic groups with the highest average ACEs scores were the Afghan American (n = 226) and Native American (n = 229). These two communities, along with the Middle Eastern/North African (MENA) American (n = 228) community, were studied. Through comparison, individuals with high ACEs scores were found most likely to also have higher PHQ-9 scores, higher substance-use disorder symptoms and lower self-worth scores. We concluded that the various societal impacts of ethnic-identity groups must be prioritised as an important facet of mental health. If ethnic identity is included as part of early intervention in situations with abuse and neglect (diagnosis and/or prevention), it may greatly reduce the risk of mental illness.</p>Carissa SamuelRanbeer SinghManal AhmedVaidehi GuptaSetareh Harsamizadeh TehraniMichelle HomNikhita KandikuppaEmily NguyenLilly NusrattyAnusha SharangpaniMa Thae (Juliana) Su
Copyright (c) 2023 Carissa Samuel, Ranbeer Singh, Manal Ahmed, Vaidehi Gupta, Setareh Harsamizadeh Tehrani, Michelle Hom, Nikhita Kandikuppa, Emily Nguyen, Lilly Nusratty, Anusha Sharangpani, Ma Thae (Juliana) Su
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2023-04-292023-04-2916110.31273/reinvention.v16i1.1190An Appraisal of the Work of Gustave Le Bon Within the Case Studies of Fascist Spain (1936–1975) and Nazi Germany (1933–1945)
https://reinventionjournal.org/index.php/reinvention/article/view/1196
<p>In a bid to explore the work of French sociologist Gustave Le Bon on dissimulating specific beliefs within a populace, this article will localise the factors he purported to amount to propagandistic success within the case studies of Nazi Germany and fascist Spain. This will be done using a consideration of primary visual sources and qualitative data associated with the campaigns in which they were used. Additionally, this work will analyse whether one can quantify propagandistic success, and whether this is at odds with the academic bases of Le Bon’s work. This research will ultimately provide a novel reading of Le Bon’s theory, demonstrating how the work can indeed allow for interesting analyses of different propagandistic contexts while concluding that there are limitations with the means through which the factors he brought to the fore directly contribute to successful propaganda initiatives.</p>Benjamin Galbraith
Copyright (c) 2023 Benjamin Galbraith
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2023-04-292023-04-2916110.31273/reinvention.v16i1.1196The Power of Perspective: Analysing the Human Experience Within Macro and Micro Social Structures
https://reinventionjournal.org/index.php/reinvention/article/view/1353
Elle Pearson
Copyright (c) 2023 Elle Pearson
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2023-04-292023-04-2916110.31273/reinvention.v16i1.1353