Commentary: sustainable development as theme and platform for interdisciplinary undergraduate research

A striking theme among the inspiring contributions in this issue of Reinvention is 'sustainability'. As faculty member at the Division of Global Sustainable Development (GSD) at the University of Warwick, it is indeed a moment of joy but also an opportunity for reection as the journal hosts two new pieces from our student body: Onubha Hoque Syed writes on the global health priority of drug-resistant infections in 'Investigating the factors behind differences in “lay” and “expert” medical knowledge in the context of fever treatment in Yangon, Myanmar' (Hoque Syed, this issue), and Virginia Thomas-Pickles, University of Warwick student, reviews the book The Uninhabitable Earth: A Story of the Future by David Wallace-Wells (Thomas-Pickles, this issue;) alongside Valerie Kay of Monash University (Kay, this issue). Other contributions to this wonderful issue touch on the notion of 'sustainable development' as well: ecosystem dynamics in Gunung Mulu National Park in Malaysia, the consequences – intended as well as unintended – of international humanitarian responses in Haiti, and the question of how environmental sustainability manifests in higher-education structures as well as curricula. The presence of this theme in Reinvention is no coincidence: Sustainable development is an interdisciplinary – sometimes transdisciplinary! – endeavour which recognises that the challenges facing our world cannot be solved with just one set of tools, nor with the narrow analytical focus often introduced by rigid disciplinary boundaries. To illustrate this point, let us consider the topics covered by the GSD student contributions in this issue. Both drug resistance and climate change are commonly framed as the next great topics that the world will have to grapple – orders of magnitude more signicant than even the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, essentially in whichever metric we wish to apply (e.g. death toll, economic losses or

contributions to this wonderful issue touch on the notion of 'sustainable development' as well: ecosystem dynamics in Gunung Mulu National Park in Malaysia, the consequences -intended as well as unintended -of international humanitarian responses in Haiti, and the question of how environmental sustainability manifests in higher-education structures as well as curricula.
The presence of this theme in Reinvention is no coincidence: Sustainable development is an interdisciplinary -sometimes transdisciplinary! -endeavour which recognises that the challenges facing our world cannot be solved with just one set of tools, nor with the narrow analytical focus often introduced by rigid disciplinary boundaries. To illustrate this point, let us consider the topics covered by the GSD student contributions in this issue. Both drug resistance and climate change are commonly framed as the next great topics that the world will have to grapple -orders of magnitude more signi cant than even the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, essentially in whichever metric we wish to apply (e.g. death toll, economic losses or impact on social organisation of humanity). However, the scope of GSD as a transdisciplinary eld -superseding the conventional boundaries of any one discipline -helps us to understand how interrelated these subjects in fact are, rather than presenting as separate development challenges.
Research and thinking about drug resistance are intuitively dominated by medical perspectives (Haenssgen et al., 2019) -perhaps, for many, naturally so. After all, we are talking here about illness, pharmaceuticals and how we provide health care. But very recently, a range of studies into the subject has uncovered how drug resistance is not merely a biological process (one in which microbes develop a tolerance against pharmaceuticals through evolutionary selection processes that could fundamentally undermine pillars of modern medicine). From an interdisciplinary perspective, we begin to see drug-resistant infections as a global, social and even environmental phenomenon that we can link to micro-level interactions between doctors and patients as well as to macro-level patterns of the economic organisation of societies and inequalities -and the widespread dependence on antibiotics and other 'modern' pharmaceuticals could even reinforce these inequalities (Tompson et al., 2021).
Onubha Hoque Syed's work exempli es what we can learn from taking medical science perspectives out of focus and instead consider the dynamics embedded in patientdoctor interactions (Hoque Syed: this issue). By interpreting qualitative data from Myanmar through the capability approach (Sen, 1999), we see not only heterogeneous personal priorities but also distinct forms of knowledge and sensemaking that shape how patients access and use medical treatment. If the assertion of autonomy and dignity, con icting ways of thinking about health, and the importation of Western solutions into a new context drive the use of antibiotics (and, biologically speaking, expose microbes to more evolutionary pressure), can we still regard drug resistance as a medical topic in which seemingly needless antibiotic use is all too often framed as 'irrational' or outright 'laziness' (Littmann and Viens, 2015: 215)?
And yet, it would be similarly limiting to consider drug resistance only as a social science subject. Should we indeed regard disciplinary boundaries at all, or rather de ne the speci c layers and threads of analysis that are important for our understanding of such global development problems? The development of drug resistance is, for instance, ampli ed by environmental factors. Contaminated sewage (owing to lax or non-existent regulations or perverse economic incentives) can encourage the development of drug-resistant pathogens (Booton et al., 2021). These pathogens could subsequently spread locally and across borders -perhaps even entailing the next global health crisis -as we resume our pre-pandemic travel patterns or as the microbes themselves adhere to and travel with the now ubiquitous microplastic particles that have come to represent the scale of anthropogenic activity (Liu et al., 2021;WWF, 2019). Likewise, the micro-level social interactions examined by Onubha Hoque Syed are partly a re ection of local cultural contexts, but they can also be driven by the stress, uncertainty, and hardship induced directly and indirectly by global climate change (Doherty and Clayton, 2011;Mushavi et al., 2020). Is it, therefore, even possible to frame and study a concept such as drug resistance solely as a biological, medical, social or environmental phenomenon?
That these considerations are not limited or speci c to drug resistance becomes clear if we shift our focus to climate change as another GSD challenge. Climate change is clearly one of the most signi cant issues that the world will be facing in the twentyrst century, but it is not separated from other major challenges such as global inequalities, hegemonic systems of thought or -as we have just seen -drug-resistant infections. The reviews by Virginia Thomas-Pickles and Valerie Kay (this issue) highlight not only the apocalyptic threats and kaleidoscopic uncertainties that arise from climate change and that can undermine individual and collective action, but they also illustrate powerfully that global economic organisation and geopolitical structures at the same time enable and obscure the climate-change trajectory on which we nd ourselves. The corollary of these considerations is that the tools and solutions of past mono-disciplinary research are insuf cient to accommodate and manage the complex interrelatedness of global development challenges that inter-and transdisciplinary perspectives bring to the fore.
But cultivating such perspectives is no mean feat. Academic reward systems often require scholars to identify in accordance with traditional disciplinary niches, and ever more competition in the academic labour market will rather drive specialisation than generalisation (Haenssgen, 2020). The polarised debates and disciplinary turf wars that such specialisation entails are evident in growing references to 'epistemic trespassing' (Ballantyne, 2019) that delegitimise 'non-expert' viewpoints outside one's own area of expertise -as if knowledge were siloed and absolute. To engage in interdisciplinary conversation and nuanced analysis, we need to cultivate humility about our own partial knowledge and training, as well as openness towards the partial insights we gain from other disciplines and individuals (who also need not be academics or 'experts'). As Sinden (this issue) illustrates, universities play a central and growing role in this context by training and demonstrating sustainabilityenvironmental or otherwise. Reinvention, too, asserts its critical role in this space as a platform to cultivate the interdisciplinary thinking that is so vital for constructive engagement and for solving the problems of the future.